RELATED RESEARCHES
Information is the human beings unsatisfied hunger since ages. It always exists and human being never stopped seeking for more of it. Knowledge meaningful whan there is a process of learning. O’Hara (1998) indicated that:
John Dewy noted that when people leran about a new tool they learn what it is and whan and how to use it. When people learn new informaitin in the context of meaningful activities they are more likely to proceive the new information as a tool rather then as an artibitrary set of procedures and facts. (p.4)On the other hand another definition of information says that it is an important issues that determines the society’s competitions power and development status under today’s economical conditions (Battal, Cakin, &Tugyan, 2006).
Selwyn argues that one of the main aims of educational computing is to equipped students with usage of this technology (1997). On the other hand students are tending to develop expectations abpout their success in the future by observing their teachers most of the time (Gray, Hannay, & Ross, 2001). It is also disscused that self-efficacy is about the beliefs in one’s self capability to implement, and organize the courses of action that are necessary to generate given attainments from the perspective of social cognitive theory (Busch, 1995 : Compeau, & Higging 1995: Durndell & Haaag, 2002: Gray, Hannay & Ross, 2001: Moroz & Nash, 1997: Murpky, Coover & Owen, 1988: Stephens $ shotick , 2002). It is also mentioned in literature that computers dynamic tools fpr developing cognitive skills and it also helps the learner to develop useful learning strategies (Caldwell, 1980).
During computer education it is suggested that teacher should give an importance to understand each student learning characteristics (Carlson, & Silverman, 1986).
The survey that will measure the student’s abilities about computers should target to measure the cognitive aspect of computer abilities which includes both general computer knowledge, and programming knowledge (Sewlyn, 1997).
Another research suggests that in today context people are getting familar with computers at young ages, and they are more likely to know basic information before they start their university education (Bradlow T.E, Hoch S. J., & Hutchinson W ., 2002). There are als many studies about gender issue and its relation to self efficacy (Durndell & Haag, 2002).
Computer self-efficacy id the belief about one has the capability to perform a specific task (Bandora, 1997). Computer self-efficacy also means a ji=udgement on one’s potential to use a computer (Computer & Higgins, 1995). Also researchers on gender issue and computing has often, but not really always. shaped results that are indicating greater male rather tham female experience, use of computers (Balka & Smith, 2000: Brosnan & Lee, 1998). In addition to this the research of Bandura on computer self confidence or self efficacy (!997) also shoped the finding that showed males as a standard have more computer self efficacy than females (Torkzadeh & Koufteros, 1994). There are many studies in literature that have tired to analyze the relationship between computer self efficacy and computer experience (Burkhardt, & Brass, 1990,Chua, Chen, & Wong, 1999: Coffin& Mackintyre, 2000: Gist, et a1.,1989: Hill, et a1.,1986 ; Webster, & Martocchio, 1992; Whitely, 1997).
Self efficacy is associated with one’s performance accomplishment. The feeling of success of any task improves the salf afficacy of person related to that particular task (Bandura 1977, 1982; Campell & Hackett, 1986, Hackett & Campell, 1987).
Also may researchers discuss the attitudes toward computers as a part of computer self efficacy. Brock and Sulsky (1994) suggest taht attitudes toward computers are usually thought to be composed of two factors which are (1) beliefs that the computer is a helpful tool, and (20 beliefs that are computers of self-directed entities. On the other hands Spott, Bowman and Mertz (1997) claims that Instructional technologies and computers has the power to help power to help higher education faculties address increasing demands on their time and energy.In addition to this Volman and Eck (2001) suggest theta computers to research themes and outcomes have been changed within the last decade. There are also some concerns about teachers and students having difficulty to adapt to technology and therefore this slows down the mechanisms in schools. Zhao and Frank in 2003indicated that concerns about the slow adoption oftechnology by teachers and students are not new and quite wide. And according to Zhao and Frank number of researchers considers thet schools, beig the social organizations they are, are directly at chances with new technologies (2003).
